ABSTRACT
Objective: Caffeine may cause dependence and sleep disturbance, and interact with psychotropic drugs. Therefore, the caffeine intake of patients with mental disorders should be monitored. However, in Japan, there is no report on the effects of caffeine in mental disease patients or on their caffeine intake. Therefore, we conducted a questionnaire survey to clarify the perception of caffeine for psychiatric outpatients.Methods: We conducted an anonymous survey on caffeine recognition for outpatients at 8 medical institutions that advocate psychiatry.Results: We collected questionnaires from 180 people. The knowledge of foods containing caffeine tended to be high in those who had a positive attitude toward caffeine. More than 90% of those surveyed knew that coffee contains caffeine, but cocoa and jasmine tea were recognized by less than 25%. Of those surveyed, 39.4% consumed caffeine‐containing beverages at night. In addition, the rate of consumption of caffeine‐containing beverages tended to be higher at night because they had a positive attitude toward caffeine.Conclusion: The knowledge and intake situation of caffeine by patients with mental disorders differed depending on their interests and way of thinking about caffeine. As caffeine intake may influence psychiatric treatment, correct knowledge regarding caffeine is important.
ABSTRACT
The aim of the present study was to clarify the effects of a liquid diet on the temporomandibular joint [TMJ] in growing rats. Materials and Twenty-four male Wistar rats were weaned at 21 days and divided into control and experimental groups [12 in each group]. Control rats were fed a solid diet and experimental rats were fed a liquid diet from 1 to 8 weeks. After injection with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine [BrdU], the animals were perfused and the heads were removed. Serial coronal sections of the TMJ were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, or BrdU immunohistochemistry was done [12 rats in each group]. Three dimensions and the thicknesses of the cartilage layers of the TMJ were measured, and cell proliferation in the TMJ was examined. After 4 weeks, the height and width of the mandibular fossa and the width and length of the mandibular condyle were smaller in the experimental groups than in the control groups. The cartilage layer in these areas was also thinner at 4 weeks. The BrdU levels in the intermediate zone of the mandibular fossa [at 4 weeks] and the mandibular condyle [at 1 and 4 weeks] were lower in the experimental groups than in the controls. These findings suggest that the growth of the mandibular fossa and mandibular condyle of rats was inhibited by the low proliferative activity of intermediate zone cells induced by liquid feeding